1999-75: Astudy of solar wind acceleration based on gyrotropic transport equations
E. Lyngdal Olsen and E. LeerP. Young and R. Esser
Space Science Reviews, v. 87, Issue 1/2, p. 345-3481999-73: On the discrepancy between atmospheric and coronal electron densities
R. Esser and D. Sasselov
Ap J Lett., volume 521, L145
Electron densities in the lower solar atmosphere (photosphere and chromosphere)
are derived using a number of different atmospheric models which are constrained
by observed spectral lines. Comparing these atmospheric densities to coronal
electron densities derived from polarization brightness measurements in the
region from about 1.1 to several solar radii, it is shown that there is a
discrepancy between the two sets of densities. The atmospheric electron densities
are in agreement with a density of maximum 10^7 cm^-3 at 1.1 R_solar. The
polarized brightness densities given in the literature are typically 5x10^7
cm^-3 or higher. It is shown that this discrepancy might be due to an overestimation
of the coronal electron densities below 1.5-2 R_solar.
1999-72: The Impact of Ion-Cyclotron Wave Dissipation on Heating and Accelerating the Fast Solar Wind
Cranmer, S. R., Field, G. B., and Kohl, J. L.
AIP Conf. Proc. 471, page 35
1999-71: Spectroscopic Constraints on Models of Ion-Cyclotron Resonance Heating in the Polar Solar Corona
Cranmer, S. R., Field, G. B., and Kohl, J. L.
Space Sci. Rev., 87, 149
1999-70: Heating and cooling of protons by turbulence-driven ion cyclotron waves in the fast solar wind
Li, Xing; Habbal, Shadia R.; Hollweg, Joseph V.; Esser, Ruth
JGR 104, A2, 2521-2536
1999-69: Density Fluctuations in Polar Coronal Holes: Mechanism and Observational Consequences
Kaghashvili, E. Kh.; Esser, R.
AIP Conference Proceedings, Vol.
471, p.341
1999-68: Whole Sun Month at solar minimum: An introduction
Galvin, Antoinette B., Kohl, John L.
Journal of Geophysical Research,
104, 9673
1999-67: Flat field of UVCS detectors for early part of SOHO mission
Cosmo, Mario L.; Smith, Peter L.; Atkins, Nigel; Suleiman, Raid M.; Gardner, Larry D.; Kohl, John L.
Proc. SPIE Vol. 3764, p. 161-167, Ultraviolet and X-Ray Detection, Spectroscopy, and Polarimetry III, Silvano Fineschi; Bruce E. Woodgate; Randy A. Kimble; Eds.
The Ultraviolet Coronagraph Spectrometer
(UVCS) on the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) comprises two telescopes
and two spectrometer channels for spatially resolved ultraviolet spectral
diagnostics of the solar corona. The principal lines for which the two channels
are optimized are the H I 'Lyman-(alpha)' line at 121.5 nm and the O VI (O5+)
doublet at 103.2 and 103.7 nm. An 'in-flight' method, using observations
of stars and scattered solar disk light, has been devised to determine the
flat field function, i.e., the relative detection efficiency of the detector
pixels. We present the details and results of this process. Local pixel-to-pixel
efficiency variation is found to be, typically, about plus or minus 9% to
plus or minus 17% (1 (sigma) ) for the H I Lyman-(alpha) channel and plus
or minus 9% for the O VI channel.
1999-66: Ultraviolet and Optical Observations of a Coronal Transient With SOHO
Ciaravella, A., Raymond, J.C., Strachan, L., Thompson, B., St-Cyr, O.C., Gardner, L., Modigliani, A., Antonucci, E., Kohl, J., Noci, G.
ApJ 510, 1053 (1999)
A coronal transient was observed on 1997 March 6 at 1.6 R over an active region on the east limb. We observed both the edge of horizontally compressed gas and the diffuse curtain of coronal material. The region was monitored for 4 hr, and the H I Ly, O VI 1031.91, 1037.61, N V 1242.80, 1238.80, and O V] 1218.35 lines were detected during the ejection evolution. The density, velocity, temperature, and oxygen abundance of the ejected plasma have been obtained from the observed spectra. Intermediate temperature lines of N V, O VI, and O V show a large enhancement, suggesting a quite narrow range of plasma temperature around 4×10 K. Doppler shifts of the ejected material evolve from an initial blueshift of 100 km s-1 to a redshift of 145 km s-1. The outflow velocity, as determined by Doppler dimming analysis of the O VI doublet, is only about 20 km s-1.
1999-65: Radiation scattering in the solar corona
G. Noci and L. Maccari
Astron. Astrophys. 341, 275 (1999).
This paper discusses the scattering in the solar corona
of the radiation emitted by the solar disk. We obtain expressions for the
emissivity which permit to deduce the spectral characteristics of the scattered
radiation. With these expressions, assuming a Maxwellian distribution for
the velocities of the scattering ions and a simple spectral shape of the
exciting radiation, we produce approximate analytic formulae which
show some interesting properties of the scattered radiation that do not clearly
emerge from the exact expressions. Among them, the expression for the Doppler
shift of the radiatively excited component of a line, and that for its width.
We also examine the case of bi-Maxwellian velocity distributions and
the scattering by the free electrons.
1999-64: Coronal hole diagnostics out to 8R_{sun}
Doyle, J. G., Teriaca, L., Banerjee, D.
A&A, 349, 956
The Si viii line width measurements
and N_e estimates based on SUMER observations are combined with LASCO and
UVCS output to provide an overview of its variations with height above a
polar coronal hole. From the combined dataset we find a radial dependence
of the electron density, in the range 1-2 R_{sun} as r(-8) , from 2 to 4
R_{sun} as r(-4) and then as r(-2) . Combining the Si viii half width at
1/e of the peak intensity with the UVCS O vi half width, we find a small
increase of the half width from 1 to 1.2 R_{sun}, then a plateau until 1.5
R_{sun}, thereafter a sharp increase until 2 R_{sun}, finally a more gradual
increase reaching 550 km s(-1) at 3.5 R_{sun}. Our data suggests that the
MHD waves responsible for the excess line broadening tends to become non-linear
as it reaches 1.2 R_{sun}.
Y.-K. Ko and C. P. T. Groth
Space Science Reviews 87: 227-231, 1999
The electron temperature profile in the polar coronal hole inferred by the solar wind ionic charge state data exhibits a local maximum of about 1.5 million degrees (Ko et al. 1997). This indicates the existence of electron heating in the inner coronal region. In this paper, a two-fluid solar wind model, which incorporates additional 'mechanical' heating, is used to investigate the heating of the electrons in the coronal hole. We find that the classical collision-dominated expressions or the electron conduction heat flux are not strictly valid and need to be severely limited in order or the electron temperatures predicted by the model to agree with constraintssupplied by both the solar wind ionic charge state data and the solar wind plasma properties observed at 1 AU. The corresponding constraints on the magnitude of the coronal heating will also be discussed.
1999-62: Ulysses-SWICS Constraints on Non-Maxwellian Electron Distributions in a Polar Coronal Hole
S. P. Owocki and Y.-K. Ko
AIP Conf. Proc. 471, 263 (1999) [Solar Wind Nine],
The Solar Wind Ion Composition Spectrometer
(SWICS) on board Ulysses has compiled an extensive collection of ion charge
state measurements in high-speed-wind streams. These provide important diagnostic
constraints for the acceleration region of the large south polar coronal
hole in which these charge states were ``frozen-in". Initial analyses of
these data have inferred that the coronal electron distribution may deviate
modestly from a Maxwellian (Ko et al. 1996), or that the coronal outflow
speeds of heavy ion may vary inversely with the ion mass (Ko et al.
1997). In this paper we apply a generalized freezing-in analysis to
examine carefully the robustness and uniqueness of these inferences. In particular,
we emphasize that careful attention to the ionization states of both Oxygen
and Carbon provides the best potential diagnostic for a non-Maxwellian distribution
of coronal electrons, since the similarity in their overall rate coefficients
suggests a similar freezing-in location, while differences in their (comparitively
high) ionization potentials provide a differential sensitivity to a high-energy
electron tail. We also discuss the possibility that the freezing-in of the
ionization state of these elements may begin in the underlying transition
region of their source coronal hole.
1999-61: Three-dimensional reconstruction of UV emissivities in the solar corona using Ultraviolet Coronagraph Spectrometer data from the Whole Sun Month
Panasyuk, A.V.
JGR 104, 9721-6 (1999)
UV coronal intensity data collected
by the Ultraviolet Coronagraph Spectrometer on SOHO in a daily synoptic program
during the Whole Sun Month are used to reconstruct the 3D distribution of
emissivities in the solar corona for H I Ly\alpha and the O VI doublet
at 1032 and 1037 \AA . We discuss the specifics that complicate a tomographic
reconstruction of the solar corona and estimate the uncertainties introduced
in the reconstruction by them.
1999-60: Solar Wind Acceleration Region
E. Antonucci
ESA SP-446, 53 (1999) [SOHO 8 Workshop]
1999-59: Study of the heating mechanism of solar wind ions in coronal holes
Tu, C.-Y.; Marsch, E.
AIP Conf. Proce. 471, 373 (1999)
[Solar Wind Nine]
1999-58: Spectroscopic diagnostics for remote detection of particle acceleration regions at coronal shocks
Kahler, S. W.; Raymond, J. C.; Laming, J. M.
AIP Conf. Proc. 471, 685 (1999) [Solar Wind Nine]
We suggest a possible technique
for remotely sensing the acceleration of solar energetic ions to E > 1
MeV at coronal shock fronts. It involves the observation of the wings
of line emission from ions accelerated in shocks, which could be done with
the UVCS experiment on the SOHO spacecraft. UVCS has two UV channels
producing stigmatic spectra from 42 arc min slits that can observe the Ly
alpha and O VI lines, both of which could be broadened with the passage of
a shock. In that case, the Ly alpha line formation results from proton charge
exchange and collisional excitation of hydrogen atoms, while the broadened
O VI lines are due to directly accelerated O5+ ions. The search criterion
for candidate SOHO events consists of UVCS observations of coronal regions
flanking or ahead of fast (v > 400 km/s) white light CMEs observed with
the LASCO coronagraph.
1999-57: Ion-cyclotron wave dissipation channel for Alfven waves
E.K. Kaghashvili
Geophys. Res. Lett. 26, 1817
The effect of inhomogeneous velocity
flow on Alfvén wave dynamics in the solar wind is investigated. Unlike
existing studies in this field that model energy deposition from high-frequency
waves to solar wind particles, we consider here the possibility of obtaining
high-frequency waves (in this case fast magnetosonic waves) from the ordinary
Alfvén wave spectrum. It is shown that the spatial inhomogeneity of
the velocity field can lead to dissipation of Alfvén waves through
ion-cyclotron resonance. Recent Ultraviolet Coronagraph Spectrometer (UVCS/SOHO)
observations indicate that preferential heating and acceleration of heavy
ions occurs close to the Sun. The process described here provides a possible
interpretation of such solar wind observations.
1999-56: Working Group 3 Report: Coronal hole boundaries and interaction with adjacent regions
R. Esser
Space Science Reviews 87: 93-104 (1999)
Summarized below are the discussions
of working group 3 on ``Coronal hole boundaries and interactions with adjacent
regions'' which took place at the 7th SOHO workshop in Northeast Harbor,
Maine, USA, 28 September to 1 October 1998. A number of recent observational
and theoretical results were presented during the discussions to shed light
on different aspects of coronal hole boundaries. The working group also included
presentations on streamers and coronal holes to emphasis the difference between
the plasma properties in these regions, and to serve as guidelines for the
definition of the boundaries. Observations, particularly white light observations,
show that multiple streamers are present close to the solar limb at all times.
At some distance from the sun, typically below 2 R_Sun, these streamers merge
into a relatively narrow sheet as seen in for example LASCO and UVCS images.
The presence of multiple current sheets in interplanetary space was also
briefly addressed. Coronal hole boundaries were defined as the abrupt transition
from the bright appearing plasma sheet to the dark coronal hole regions.
Observations in the inner corona seem to indicate a transition of typically
10 to 20 deg, whereas observations in interplanetary space carried out from
Ulysses, show on one hand,an even faster transition of less than 2 deg which
is in agreement with earlier HELIOS results. On the other hand, these observations
also show that the transition happens on different scales, some of which
are significantly larger. The slow solar wind is connected to thestreamer
belt/plasma sheet, even though, the discussions were still not conclusive
on the point where exactly the slow solar wind originates. Considered the
high variability of plasma characteristics in slow wind streams, it seems
most likely that several types of coronal regions produce slow solar wind,
such as streamer stalks, streamer legs and open field regions between active
regions, and maybe even regions just inside of the coronal holes. Observational
and theoretical studies presented during the discussions show evidence that
each of these regions may indeed contribute to the solar slow wind.
1999-55: Physical properties of coronal streamers as observed by Spartan 201
Miralles, M. P.; Strachan, L.; Gardner, L. D.; Smith, P. L.; Kohl, J. L. ; Guhathakurta, M.; Fisher, R. R.
AIP Conf. Proc. 471, 239 (1999) [Solar
Wind Nine]
The three Spartan 201 flights from 1993 to 1995 provided us with observations in HI Lyman-$\alpha$ of several streamers in the declining phase of the current solar cycle. Analysis of the heliocentric height dependence of the HI Ly-$\alpha$ LOS velocity distribution width clearly show that there is a maximum in the proton 1/e velocities at heights ranging from 2.1 to 2.5 R$_{\odot}$ for all of the observed streamers. We compare UVCS/Spartan results with proton velocity distributions from UVCS/SOHO during solar minimum. We also discuss differences in the proton velocity distributions for different types of streamers over the three year period of Spartan 201 observations.
This work is supported by the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration under grants NAG 5-613 and 5-3192 to
the Smithsonian Astrophysical
Observatory. M. G. & R. F. acknowledge
grant from NASA suborbital research program of the Space Physics Division
and NASA grant 5-2881 to the Catholic University of America.
1999-54: Properties of coronal hole/streamer boundaries and adjacent regions as observed by Spartan 201
Miralles, M.P.; Strachan, L.; Gardner, L.D.; Smith, P.L.; Kohl, J.L.; Guhathakurta, M.; Fisher, R.
Space Science Reviews 87: 277-281
(1999)
The Spartan 201 flights from 1993 to 1995 provided us with observations in H I Lyman-$\alpha$ of several coronal hole/streamer boundaries and adjacent streamers during the declining phase of the current solar cycle. Analysis of the latitudinal dependence of the line intensities clearly shows that there is a boundary region at the coronal hole/streamer interface where the H I Lyman-$\alpha$ intensity reaches a minimum value. Similar results are also found in UVCS/SOHO observations. We also discuss differences in the coronal hole/streamer boundaries for different types of streamers and their changes over the three year period of Spartan 201 observations.
This work is supported by NASA under grants NAG 5-613
and 5-3192 to the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. M. G. and R. F.
acknowledge grant from NASA suborbital research program of the Space Physics
Division and NASA grant 5-2881 to the Catholic University of America.
1999-53: UVCS / SOHO observations of spectral line profiles in polar coronal holes
Kohl, J.L.; Fineschi, S.; Esser, R.; Ciaravella, A.; Cranmer, S.R.; Gardner, L.D.; Suleiman, R.; Noci, G.; Modigliani, A.
Space Science Reviews 87: 233-236 (1999)
Ultraviolet emission line profiles have been measured
on 15-29 September 1997 for H~I 1216 A, O~VI 1032, 1037 A and Mg~X 625 A
in a polar coronal hole, at heliographic heights R_sun (in solar radii) between
1.34 and 2.0. Observations of H~I 1216 A and the O~VI doublet from January
1997 for R_sun = 1.5 to 3.0 are provided for comparison. Mg~X 625 A is observed
to have a narrow component at R_sun = 1.34 which accounts for only a small
fraction of the observed spectral radiance, and a broad component that exists
at all observed heights. The widths of O~VI broad components are only slightly
larger than those for H~I at R_sun= 1.34, but are significantly larger at
R_sun = 1.5 and much larger for R_sun > 1.75. In contrast, the Mg~X
values are less than those of H~I up to 1.75 and then increase rapidly up
to at least R_sun = 2.0, but never reach the values of O~VI.
1999-52: Ly-alpha observation of a coronal streamer with UVCS/ SOHO
Maccari, L.; Noci, G.; Fineschi, S.; Modigliani, A.; Romoli, M.; Kohl, J.L.
Space Science Reviews 87: 265-268 (1999)
In this paper we discuss some characteristics
of an equatorial streamer observed by UVCS in July 1997. We determine the
height distribution of the Ly-alpha total intensity and of its width.
We focus our attention, in particular, on the time variability of these
parameters.
1999-51: Comparison of Outflow Velocity Determinations with UVCS and LASCO for the Coronal Mass Ejection of 13-14 Aug 1997
L. Strachan, A. Ciaravella, J. C. Raymond, S. Fineschi, R. O'Neal, J. L. Kohl, A. Modigliani, G. Noci, and M. D. Andrews
AIP Conf. Proc. 471, 637 (1999) [Solar Wind Nine]
The Ultraviolet Coronagraph Spectrometer (UVCS) on SOHO
observed a Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) on 13-14 August 1997. The event was
observed simultaneously with the LASCO white light coronagraphs. This paper
describes the results from a comparison of outflow velocities determined
from UVCS Doppler dimming studies with the velocities determined by examining
the proper motions of the CME as measured by LASCO. In addition, estimates
of expansion velocities and line of sight motions are discussed. This work
is supported in part by NASA under grant NAG-3192 to the Smithsonian Astrophysical
Observatory, by the Italian Space Agency and by Swiss funding agencies.
1999-50: Constraints on Coronal Outflow Velocities derived from UVCS Doppler Dimming Measurements and In-Situ Charge State Data
L. Strachan, Y-K. Ko, A.V. Panasyuk, D. Dobrzycka, J.L. Kohl M. Romoli, G. Noci, S.E. Gibson, D. A. Biesecker
Space Sci Rev, 87, 311 (1999)
We constrain coronal outflow velocity solutions, resolved
along the line-of-sight, by using Doppler dimming models of H I Lyman alpha
and O VI 1032/1037 Angstrom emissivities obtained with data from the Ultraviolet
Coronagraph Spectrometer (UVCS) on SOHO. The local emissivities, from heliocentric
heights of 1.5 to 3.0 radii, were determined from 3-D reconstructions of
line-of-sight intensities obtained during the first Whole Sun Month Campaign
(10 Aug. to 8 Sep. 1996). The models use electron densities derived from
polarized brightness measurements made with the visible light coronagraphs
on UVCS and LASCO, supplemented with data from Mark III at NCAR/MLSO. Electron
temperature profiles are derived from `freezing-in' temperatures obtained
from an analysis of charge state data from SWICS/ Ulysses. The work concentrates
on neutral hydrogen outflow velocities which depend on modeling the absolute
coronal emissivities. We use an iterative method to determine the neutral
hydrogen outflow velocity with consistent values for the electron temperatures
derived from a freezing-in model.
1999-49: Composition Variations in the Solar Corona and Solar Wind
Raymond, J. C.
Space Science Reviews, 87, 55
1999-48: Synoptic Sun during the first Whole Sun Month Campaign: August 10 to September 8, 1996
BIESECKER, D. A.; THOMPSON, B. J.; GIBSON, S. E.; ALEXANDER, D.; FLUDRA, A.; GOPALSWAMY, N.; HOEKSEMA, J. T.; LECINSKI, A.; STRACHAN, L.,
Space Science Reviews 87: 277-281
(1999)
1999-47: The Three-dimensional Coronal Magnetic Field during Whole Sun Month
GIBSON, S. E.; BIESECKER, D.; GUHATHAKURTA, M.; HOEKSEMA, J. T.; LAZARUS, A. J.; LINKER, J.;MIKIC, Z.; PISANKO, Y.; RILEY, P.; STEINBERG, J.; STRACHAN, L.; SZABO, A.; THOMPSON, B. J.; ZHAO, X. P.,
ApJ, 520, 871, 1999
Combining models and observations, we study the three-dimensional
coronal magnetic field during a period of extensive coordinated solar observations
and analysis known as the Whole Sun Month (WSM) campaign (1996 August 10-September
8). The two main goals of the WSM campaign are addressed in this paper, namely,
(1) to use the field configuration to link coronal features observed by coronagraphs
and imaging telescopes to solar wind speed variations observed in situ and
(2) to study the role of the three-dimensional coronal magnetic field in
coronal force balance. Specifically, we consider how the magnetic field connects
the two fastest wind streams to the two regions that have been the main foci
of the WSM analysis: the equatorial extension of the north coronal hole (known
as the Elephant's Trunk) and the axisymmetric streamer belt region on the
opposite side of the Sun. We then quantitatively compare the different model
predictions of coronal plasma and solar wind properties with observations
and consider the implications for coronal force balance and solar wind acceleration.
"Latitudinal Dependence of Outflow Velocities from O VI Doppler Dimming Observations
during the Whole Sun Month" L. Strachan, A. V. Panasyuk, D. Dobrzycka, John
L. Kohl, G. Noci, S. E. Gibson, D. A. Biesecker, Submitted JGR 1999 Abstract
Empirical determinations of outflow velocities in the solar corona provide
a much needed constraint, along with density and temperature determinations,
of the acceleration and heating mechanisms in the extended corona. Much progress
has been made on density determinations from white light polarized brightness
observations but outflow velocities have been more difficult to determine.
We present the first determinations of outflow velocities versus height and
latitude based on a 3D reconstruction of the O VI 1032 and 1037 Angstrom
emissivities. The Doppler dimming (and pumping) of the local emissivities
give true localized outflow velocities at the selected locations in the extended
corona from about 1.75 to 2.75 solar radii. The velocities are based on using
the O VI emissivity ratios from SOHO/UVCS synoptic observations and an empirical
model which uses densities determined from SOHO/LASCO and MLSO Mk III white
light measurements.
1999-46: A Kinetic Model of Coronal Heating and Acceleration by Ion-Cyclotron Waves: Preliminary Results
Philip A. Isenberg, Martin A. Lee, and Joseph V. Hollweg
Solar Physics, Topical Issue on the Physics of the Solar Corona and Transition Region, in press
We present a kinetic model of the heating and acceleration
of coronal protons by outward-propagating ion-cyclotron waves on open, radial
magnetic flux tubes. In contrast to fluid models which typically insist on
bi-Maxwellian distributions and which spread the wave energy and momentum
over the entire proton population, this model follows the kinetic evolution
of the collisionless proton distribution function in response to the combination
of the resonant wave-particle interaction and external forces. The
approximation is made that pitch-angle scattering by the waves is faster
than all other processes, resulting in proton distributions which are uniform
over the resonant surfaces in velocity space. We further assume, in
this preliminary version, that the waves are dispersionless so these resonant
surfaces are portions of spheres centered on the radial sum of the Alfven
speed and the proton bulk speed. We incorporate the fact that only
those protons with radial speeds less than the bulk speed will be resonant
with outward-propagating waves, so this rapid interaction acts only on the
sunward half of the distribution. Despite this limitation, we find
that the strongperpendicular heating of the resonant particles, coupled with
the mirror force, results in substantial outward acceleration of the entire
distribution. The proton distribution evolves towards an incomplete
shell in velocity space, and appears vastly different from the distributions
assumed in fluid models. Evidence of these distinctive distributions
should be observable by instruments on Solar Probe.
1999-45: Solar Wind Acceleration Region
Antonucci, E.
ESA , SP-446, 53
1999-44: Physical conditions in a high--latitude streamer from UVCS and CDS observations
S. Parenti, G. Poletto, J. Raymond and B. Bromage
ESA SP-446, 531 (1999) [SOHO 8 Workshop]
UVCS and CDS observations of a streamer
in the southern hemisphere, at a latitude of 40 Degrees, have been acquired
on March 8, 1998. UVCS data have been taken at an heliocentric altitude of
1.6 solar radii and cover the spectral range from 950 to 1250 Angstrom; CDS
data have been taken at an altitude of 1.1 solar radii and cover the range
from 308 to 381, and 513 to 633, Angstrom. These data have been used to determine
the physical conditions of a streamer structure: in particular, we give an
estimate of the electron temperature, electron density and element abundance
in the structure. The electron temperature has been evaluated from lines
of different ions from the same elements, crude values of densities have
been derived from an analysis of the OVI doublet lines at 1032 and 1037 Angstrom
and element abundances have been estimated both from a DEM (Differential
Emission Measure) analysis and from other techniques. Because UVCS spectra
have been taken at different times, during the day, we have been looking
also at temporal variations in the physical parameters of the streamer. Changes
across the streamer have been analyzed as well. Coordinated CDS and UVCS
observations allow us also to compare results from the two experiments and
look for variations, with solar distance, of the streamer physical parameters.
1999-43: A study of solar wind acceleration based on gyrotropic transport equations
Olsen, E. L., Leer, E
Journal of Geophysical Research,
104, 9963
1999-42: Resonant heating and acceleration of protons and ions in coronal holes: two-proton closure
Hollweg, J. V.
ESA SP-446, 357 (1999) [SOHO 8 Workshop]
The ion-cyclotron mode does not
extend above the proton cyclotron frequency. Thus only roughly half of the
protons can be in resonance. We calculate the trajectories of individual
protons in the electric, magnetic, and gravitational fields in a coronal
hole, and we include the resonant heating and acceleration for an average
resonant particle. To provide closure we consider two protons, which are
proxies for the resonant and non-resonant halves of the distribution. For
dispersive waves, k_res becomes large. If the dissipation is determined by
a turbulent cascade, k_res controls the relative importance of resonant acceleration
and resonant heating. Such models yield good agreement with what is known
about the behavior of protons in coronal holes. We also consider, in a cruder
model, the behavior of minor ions such as O+5. We show qualitatively how
such ions can be more than mass-proportionally heated, and that dispersion
is important. We also show that the observed radial profile of T_perp for
O+5 requires a steep power spectrum. It is concluded that the cyclotron resonance
can account for many observed features of protons and heavy minor ions in
coronal holes. However, the source of the resonant waves remains uncertain.
1999-41: Study of the latitudinal dependence of H I Ly-alpha and O VI emission in the solar corona - evidence for the super-radial geometry of the outflow in the polar coronal holes
D. Dobrzycka, S. R. Cranmer, A. V. Panasyuk, L. Strachan & J. L. Kohl
1999, JGR, 104, 9791
We study the latitudinal distribution
of the H I Ly-alpha and O VI (103.2 nm,103.7 nm) line emission during the
period of the Whole Sun Month campaign (August, 10 -- September,8, 1996)
when the Sun was close to the minimum of its activity. The H I Ly-alpha and
O VI line intensities appeared to be almost constant with latitude within
the polar coronal holes and have abrupt increases towards the streamer region.
We found that both north and south polar coronal holes had similar line intensities,
line--of--sight velocities, as well as kinetic temperatures of H^{0} and
O^{5+}. The dependence of these parameters on latitude and radius is provided.
We derived boundaries of the polar coronal holes based on the H I Ly-alpha
and O VI line intensity distributions for several days during the Whole Sun
Month campaign. We found that the polar coronal hole boundaries clearly have
a superradial geometry with diverging factor f_{max} ranging from 6.0 to
7.5 and they are consistent with boundaries previously derived from the electron
density distributions. We also found that, in general, they are not symmetric
with respect to the heliographic poles and their size and geometry change
over periods of days. The H I Ly-alpha, O VI (103.2 nm), and the O VI (103.7
nm) line intensities showed similar boundaries within the uncertainties of
our data. We modeled the latitudinal distribution of the H I Ly-alpha and
O VI (103.2 nm,103.7 nm) line intensities in the south polar coronal hole.
1999-40: Coronal Holes and Solar Wind Acceleration: Proceedings of the SOHO-7 Workshop
J. L. Kohl and S. R. Cranmer (eds.)
Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1999, ISBN 0-7923-5828-7.
Also published as vol. 87, no. 1-2 of Space Science Reviews.
S. T. Suess and S. Nerney.
ESA SP-448, 1101-1106 (1999) [European Solar Physics Meeting, Florence, Italy]
Flow tubes adjacent to closed magnetic
field lines on the boundaries of streamers can have extremely large geometric
spreading factors. Numerical models in this thin layer are subject to grid
definition uncertainties. Therefore, we compute flow tube geometry using
the analytic model of streamer structure described by Pneuman (1968). This
model has been found to be more widely applicable than commonly believed
as a consequence of observations made with SOHO/UVCS and YOKHOH/SXT (Li et
al., 1998). We use the model to compute the radial dependence of flow tube
geometry (the ``spreading factors'') for several different streamer models.
The results are used to analyze the hypothesis that extremely slow flows
in these open flow tubes may cause high densities relative to adjacent coronal
hole flow. Such high density could mean that the streamer brightness boundary
is defined by the open flow tubes adjacent to streamers rather than closed
field lines.
1999-38: A two-fluid, MHD coronal model
Suess, S. T., A.-H. Wang, S. T. Wu, G. Poletto, and D. J. McComas
1999 JGR 104, 4697
We describe first results from a numerical two-fluid MHD model of the global structure of the solar corona. The model is two-fluid in the sense that it accounts for the collisional energy exchange between protons and electrons. As in our single-fluid model, volumetric heat and momentum sources are required to produce high speed wind from coronal holes, low speed wind above streamers, and mass fluxes similar to the empirical solar wind. By specifying different proton and electron heating functions we obtain a high proton temperature in the coronal hole and a relatively low proton temperature in the streamer (in comparison with the electron temperature). This is consistent with inferences from SOHO/UVCS [ Feldman et al., 1977; Kohl et al., 1997], and with the Ulysses/SWOOPS proton and electron temperature measurements which we show from the fast latitude scan. The density in the coronal hole between 2 solar radii and 5 solar radii ($2R_S$ and $5R_S$) is similar to the density reported from SPARTAN 201-01 measurements by {\it Fisher and Guhathakurta} [1994]. The proton mass flux scaled to 1 AU is $2.4\times 10^8 cm^{-2}s^{-1}$, which is consistent with Ulysses observations [ Phillips et al., 1995]. Inside the closed field region, the density is sufficiently high so that the simulation gives equal proton and electron temperatures due to the high collision rate. In open field regions (in the coronal hole and above the streamer) the proton and electron temperatures differ by varying amounts. In the streamer, the temperature and density are similar to those reported empirically by Li et al. [1998] and the plasma $\beta$ is larger than unity everywhere above $\sim 1.5\ R_S$, as it is in all other MHD coronal streamer models [e.g. Steinolfson et al., 1982; Gary and Alexander, 1998].
1999-37: UVCS/SOHO Ion Kinetics in Coronal Streamers
Frazin, R.A., A. Ciaravella, E. Dennis, S. Fineschi, L. Gardner, J. Michels, R. O'Neal, J. Raymond, R. Wu, J. Kohl, A. Modigliani & G. Noci.
Space Science Reviews 87:189-192, 1999
We made streamer observations with the Ultraviolet Coronagraph Spectrometer (UVCS) on the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) during the early part of 1998, which was a time of moderate solar activity. We present an empirical study of coronal ion kinetics using the line profiles from these observations. Our first and most striking result is that the mid-latitude (ML) streamers have much narrower O VI 1032A line profiles than the solar minimum equatorial (SME) streamers. Our second result is that the line profiles from a small collection of ions in ML streamers do not seem to be consistent with the ions having a single temperature and turbulent velocity. We discuss several interpretations, including line of sight (LOS) effects. This work is supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under grant NAG-3192 to the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory.
1999-36: UVCS/SOHO Observations of Coronal Streamers
Frazin, R.A., et al.
AIP Conf. Proc. 471 235 (1999) [Solar Wind Nine]
We used the Ultraviolet Coronagraph
Spectrometer (UVCS) on the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) to obtain
line profiles in mid-latitude coronal streamers between 1.3 R(sun) and 5.5
R(sun) during a period of moderate solar activity. We present a summary of
the preliminary results. These results clearly indicate that the mid-latitude
streamers observed during this time period have very different spectral properties
than the equatorial streamers observed near solar minimum.
1999-35: CORONAL MAGNETIC FIELD DIAGNOSTICS WITH UV SPECTRO-POLARIMETRY
S. Fineschi, A. van Ballegoijen, J. L. Kohl
ESA SP-446, 317 (1999) [SOHO 8 Workshop]
In the extended corona, the state
of linear polarization of ultraviolet (UV) line emission, is affected by
the presence of magnetic fields. This provides a useful diagnostics of the
coronal magnetic field, that, to date, is still largely unknown. The interpretation
through the Hanle effect of the strength and direction of the polarization
vector of the H~I~Lyman series lines (i.e., Ly-alpha, 1216 A, Ly-beta, 1025
A, Ly-gamma, 972 A) yields information on the vector magnetic field in corona.
The polarization direction of the O~VI, 1032 A, line is affected by non-radial
outflow velocities of the solar wind. This may be used to obtain information
on the coronal field topology. The parameter study presented here shows that
the H~I~Lyman series lines have sensitivities to the field stregths larger
than 1~gauss, at heliocentric heights comprised between 1.2 to 2~solar radii.
The Advanced Solar Coronal Explorer mission, briefly described here, is designed
to carry out spectro-polarimetric measurements of these UV coronal lines.
UVCS/SOHO
1999-34: Observations of H I Lyman Alpha Line Profiles in Coronal Holes at Heliocentric Heights above 3.0 R_sun
R. M. Suleiman, J. L. Kohl, A.V. Panasyuk, A. Ciaravella, S. R. Cranmer, L. D. Gardner, R. Frazin, R. Hauck, P. L. Smith
Space Science Reviews 87: 327-330, 1999
The Ultraviolet Coronagraph Spectrometer (UVCS) on the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) has been used to measure spectral line profiles for H I Ly alpha in the south polar coronal hole at projected heliocentric heights from 3.5 to 6.0 R_sun during 1998 January 5 - 11. Observations from 1.5 to 2.5 R_sun were made for comparison. The H I Ly alpha profile is the only one observable with UVCS above 3.0~R_sun in coronal holes. Within this region the outflowing coronal plasma becomes nearly collisionless and the ionization balance is believed to become frozen.
In this paper, the 1/e half widths
of the coronal velocity distributions are provided for the observed heights.
The velocity distributions include all motions contributing to the velocities
along the line of sight (LOS). The observations have been corrected for instrumental
effects and interplanetary H I Ly alpha. The half widths were found to increase
with projected heliographic height from 1.5 to 2.5~R_sun and decrease
with height from 3.5 to 5 R_sun.
1999-33: Coronal Heating: a comparison of ion-cyclotron and gravity damping models
Cuseri, I., Mullan, D.J., Poletto, G.
Space Science Reviews 87: 153-156, 1999
SOHO-UVCS data indicate that minor
ions in the corona are heated more than hydrogen, and that coronal heating
results in $T_{\perp}$ larger than $T_{//}$. Analogous behavior has been
known from in situ measurements in solar wind for many years. Here
we compare and contrast two mechanisms which have been proposed to account
for the above behavior: ion--cyclotron resonance, and gravity damping.
1999-32: Two-fluid 2.5D MHD Simulations of the Fast Solar Wind in Coronal Holes and the Relation to UVCS Observations
Davila, J.M.; Ofman, L.
Space Science Reviews vol.87, no.1-2 165-8.
SOHO/UVCS observations indicate
that the perpendicular proton and ion temperatures are much larger than electron
temperatures. The authors simulate numerically the solar wind flow in a coronal
hole with the two-fluid approach. The authors investigate the effects of
electron and proton temperatures on the solar wind acceleration by nonlinear
waves. In the model the nonlinear waves are generated by Alfven waves with
frequencies in the 10/sup -3/ Hz range, driven at the base of the coronal
hole. The resulting electron and proton flow profile exhibits density and
velocity fluctuations. The fluctuations may steepen into shocks as they propagate
away from the Sun. The authors calculate the effective proton temperature
by combining the thermal and wave velocity of the protons, and find qualitative
agreement with the proton kinetic temperature increase with height deduced
from the UVCS Ly alpha observations by Kohl et al. (1998).
1999-31: Two-fluid 2.5D MHD Model of the Fast Solar Wind and the Effective Proton Temperature
Ofman, L., Davila, J.M
Solar Wind Nine, S. Habbal et al. (eds), AIP Conference Proceedings, 471, AIP, New York, 1999
Recent SOHO/UVCS observations indicate
that the perpendicular proton and ion temperatures are much larger than electron
temperatures (Kohl et al 1997). In the present study we simulate numerically
the solar wind flow in a coronal hole with the two-fluid approach. For simplicity,
we neglect electron inertia. We investigate the effects of electron and proton
temperatures on the solar wind acceleration by nonlinear waves. In the model
the nonlinear waves are generated by Alfven waves with frequencies in the
10^-3 Hz range, driven at the base of the coronal hole. The resulting electron
and proton flow profile exhibits density and velocity fluctuations. The fluctuations
may steepen into shocks as they propagate away from the sun. We construct
the proton velocity distribution and a synthetic Ly-alpha line profile by
including the combined effects of temperature and velocity fluctuations in
the model, and compare them to the UVCS observations.
1999-30: Heating and cooling of protons by turbulence-driven ion cyclotron waves in the fast solar wind
Li, Xing; Habbal, Shadia R.; Hollweg, Joseph V.; Esser, Ruth
JGR 104, A2, 2521-2536
1999-29: Density Fluctuations in Polar Coronal Holes: Mechanism and Observational Consequences
Kaghashvili, E. Kh.; Esser, R.
AIP Conference Proceedings, Vol. 471, p.341
1999-28: Streamer HI Ly-alpha Line Profiles During the Spartan 2O1-05/SOHO Coordinated Observations
M. P. Miralles, L. Strachan, L. D. Gardner, D. Dobryzcka, Y.-K. Ko, J. Michels, A. Panasyuk, R. Suleiman, J. L. Kohl
ESA SP-448, p.1193-1197 (1999) [European Solar Physics Meeting, Florence]
We present H I Ly-alpha observations of coronal streamers obtained by UVCS/SOHO during the coordinated observations with UVCS/Spartan on 1 - 3 November 1998. Two different streamer regions were observed, one relatively stable above the Northeast limb, and a post-CME streamer complex above the Southwest limb. H~I Ly-alpha profiles and intensities were measured at ~1.5 and 2 Ro in the NE streamer and its boundary regions, and also at heights ranging from 1.5 to 2.5 Ro in the SW streamer complex. We analyze integrated intensities and line widths in each streamer structure.
1999-27: Variation of Polar Coronal Hole Profiles with Solar Cycle
Dobrzycka, D., Strachan, L., Miralles, M.P., Kohl, J.L., & Gardner, L.
Space Science Reviews, 87: 177-180, 1999
We compared the H I Lyman alpha
polar coronal hole profiles obtained during the three Spartan 201 flights
(in 1993, 1994, and 1995) and, during the more recent, UVCS/SOHO mission.
We found that at 2.1 Rs there are no significant variations of the line shape
over the several years of the descending phase of the solar cycle. However,
there may be some evidence for the 1.8 Rs profiles being broader towards
solar minimum. The profiles at 2.1 Rs are different from profiles obtained
at 1.8 Rs - they have clearly narrower cores and wide wings. We fitted the
profiles with single and/or multiple Gaussian functions and calculated their
typical 1/e half widths.
1999-26: Comparison of Polar and Equatorial Coronal Holes observed by UVCS/SOHO - Geometry and Physical Properties
Dobrzycka, D., Panasyuk, A.V., Strachan, L., & Kohl, J.L.
Space Science Reviews: 87, 173-176, 1999
We analyzed the UVCS/SOHO data and
compared the H I Lyman alpha (121.6 nm) and O VI (103.2 nm, 103.7 nm) emission
in the polar and equatorial coronal holes. We found that the emission lines
have similar characteristics in these two types of coronal holes. Both types
show evidence for superradially diverging boundaries. The latitudinal distribution
of the O VI line ratio may indicate that the equatorial coronal hole has
O+5 outflow velocities lower than in the polar coronal holes.
1999-25: Geometry, Physical Properties and Outflow Velocities from the Polar and Equatorial Coronal Holes - UVCS/SOHO Observations
Dobrzycka, D., Panasyuk, A.V., Strachan, L., & Kohl, J.L
AIP Conf. Proc. 471, 305 (1999) [Solar Wind 9]
We analyzed the UVCS/SOHO data obtained
during the Whole Sun Month campaign in 1996 and compared the H I Lyman alpha
(1216 A) and O VI (1032 A,1037 A) emission in the polar and equatorial coronal
holes. We found that the emission lines have similar characteristics in these
two types of coronal holes. Both types show evidence for superradially diverging
boundaries. We used the O VI (1032 A) and O VI (1037 A) local emissivities,
determined from the 3D tomographic reconstruction of the solar corona, to
investigate the outflow velocities from the polar and equatorial coronal
holes. The latitudinal distribution of the O VI ratio at 2.21 Rs, free from
the line-of-sight effect, shows evidence that the equatorial coronal hole
may have O+5 outflow velocities lower than in the polar coronal holes.
1999-24: Heating and Acceleration of the Solar Wind via Gravity Damping of Alfven Waves
Cuseri, I., Mullan, D.J., Noci, G., Poletto, G.
ApJ 514, 989 (1999)
In this paper we present a two-fluid
model for the heating of the solar corona and acceleration of the solar wind,
based on the dissipation of Alfv\'en waves by gravity damping. This mechanism
was proposed by Khabibrakhmanov and Mullan (1994) but has not previously
been applied in modeling efforts. After extending Khabibrakhmanov and Mullan
theory to give an expression for the evolution of the Alfv\'en wave amplitude
as a function of the local parameters of the atmosphere, we show how gravity
damping compares with other mechanisms which have been proposed for dissipation
of Alfv\'en waves. Then we introduce the system of equations which we use
for the wind model: this includes, in the energy equation, a gravity dissipation
term, and, in the momentum equation, a different wave acceleration term from
that which is usually adopted. Initial conditions for the integration of
the equations are compatible with recent Ulysses measurements and the integration
proceeds from 1 AU towards the base of the solar corona, and into the transition
region (where T = (1-2) 10^5 K). Our results show that the gravity damping
of Alfv\'en waves heats protons in the solar plasma to several million degrees,
and accelerates the solar wind to 600-700 km/s. Model predictions at low
heliocentric distances compare favorably with recently acquired data. One
prediction of our model is that the damping process is most effective in
regions where the Alfv\'en speed is low. Another prediction is that although
the energy is deposited mainly into protons, the deposition occurs close
enough to the Sun that collisional coupling also leads to effective heating
of the electrons (to T_e \approx 10^6$ K). We compare and contrast the present
model with models based on ion-cyclotron resonant processes.
1999-23: On the Ly-alpha and OVI line profiles in streamers and coronal holes
Zangrilli, L., Nicolosi, P., Poletto, G., Noci, G.
Space Science Reviews 87: 349-352, 1999
The profiles of the HI Ly (alpha)
line at 1215.6 A and of the OV I doublet at 1031.9 A and 1037.6 A in the
extended solar corona have been analyzed versus latitude and radial direction.
Observations have been performed with the UltraViolet Coronagraph Spectrometer
(UVCS) on board the ESA-NASA solar satellite SOHO (SOlar and Heliospheric
Observatory). The results show that these lines have quite a different behaviour
with latitude: the HI (alpha) line has larger full width at half maximum
(FWHM) values in the streamer region and narrower ones towards polar latitudes,
while the FWHM of OV I lines has a minimum at the center of the streamer,
and slightly increases towards polar regions. The impact of our observations
on coronal heating theories is also briefly illustrated. Coronal Heating:
a comparison of ion-cyclotron and gravity damping models Cuseri, I., Mullan,
D.J., Poletto, G. Space Sci. Rev., in press SOHO-UVCS data indicate that
minor ions in the corona are heated more than hydrogen, and that coronal
heating results in $T_{\perp}$ larger than $T_{//}$. Analogous behavior has
been known from {\it in situ} measurements in solar wind for many years.
Here we compare and contrast two mechanisms which have been proposed to account
for the above behavior: ion--cyclotron resonance, and gravity damping.
1999-22: SOHO Observations of Density Fluctuations in Coronal Holes
Ofman, L., Romoli, M., Poletto, G., Noci, G., Kohl, J.L. Howard, R.A., St. Cyr, C., DeForest, C.E.
Space Science Reviews 87: 287-290,
1999
In recent UVCS/SOHO White Light
Channel (WLC) observations we found quasi-periodic variations in the polarized
brightness (pB) in the polar coronal holes at heliocentric distances of 1.9-2.45
solar radii. The motivation for the observation is the 2.5D MHD model of
solar wind acceleration by nonlinear waves, that predicts compressive fluctuations
in coronal holes. In February 1998 we performed new observations using the
UVCS/WLC in the coronal hole and obtained additional data. The new data corroborates
our earlier findings with higher statistical significance. The new longer
observations show that the power spectrum peaks in the 10-12 minute range.
These timescales agree with EIT observations of brightness fluctuations in
polar plumes. We performed preliminary LASCO/C2 observations in an effort
to further establish the coronal origin of the fluctuations.
1999-21: Grating Stray Light Analysis and Control in the UVCS/SOHO
Fineschi, Silvano, Gardner, Larry D., Kohl, John L., Romoli, Marco Nochi, Giancarlo C.
SPIE, 3443, 67-74 (1998)
The Ultraviolet Coronagraph Spectrometer
(UVCS) of the Solar and Heliospheric (SOHO) mission has been developed for
spectroscopic and polarimetric determinations of temperatures, densities
and flow velocities in the extended solar corona. The instrument consists
of a visible light (VL) polarimeter, and two ultraviolet (UV) spectrometers,
optimized for the H I Lyman (alpha) (Ly-(alpha) ) line ((lambda) 1216 angstrom)
and for the O VI doublet ((lambda) (lambda) 1032/1037 angstrom). The stray-light
profile of the Ly-(alpha) holographic grating has been measured, in a laboratory
set-up, in both the spatial and spectral directions. The observed profile
has been found to be a combination of two components: the scattering from
the grating surface, and the Fraunhofer diffraction due to the vignetting
of the grating. An analytical expression for the scattering component of
the grating point spread function (PSF) has been derived from a simple model
of the grating surface roughness. The stray-light profile generated by the
analytical expression of the grating PSF gives a good fit of stray-light
profile measured in the laboratory. This instrument function has been used
in the analysis of in-flight UVCS observations of the profile of electron
scattered Ly- (alpha) from the solar corona. These observations have resulted,
for the first time, in the most direct measurement of the coronal electron
temperature.
1999-20: UVCS observations and modelling of streamers
Vasquez, A.M., Raymond, J.C., and van Ballegooijen, A.A.
Space Science Reviews 87: 335-338, 1999
We present results derived from
the analysis of an equatorial streamer structure as observed by the UVCS
instrument aboard SOHO. >From observations of the HI Ly-alpha and Ly-beta
lines we infer the density and temperature of the plasma. We develop a preliminary
axisymmetric, magnetostatic model of the corona which includes the effects
of gas pressure gradients on the magnetic structure. We infer a coronal plasma
beta > 1 in the closed field regions and near the cusp of the streamer.
We add to the model a parallel velocity field assuming mass flux conservation
along magnetic flux tubes. Then we compute the Ly-alpha emissivity and the
LOS integrals to obtain images of Ly-alpha intensity, taking into account
projection effects and doppler dimming. The images we obtain from this preliminary
model are in a good general agreement with the UVCS observations, both qualitatively
and quantitatively.
1999-19: Model of Solar Wind Flow near an Equatorial Coronal Streamer
Vasquez, A.M., van Ballegooijen, A.A., and Raymond, J.C.
AIP Conf. Proc. 471, 243 (1999) [Solar Wind Nine]
In a previous work (SOHO7 Proceedings)
we developed a semiempirical axisymmetric and magnetostatic model of the
minimum activity corona, accounting for the gas pressure gradient effects
on the magnetic structure. The model is able to reproduce the streamer belt
closed region and the streamer sourrounding open field lines, predicting
high plasma beta values (>1) in the closed region, low values in the sourrounding
open-field regions (streamer legs) and even lower values for the polar hole
region. In this work we add to that model a solar wind solution under the
assumption of mass and momentum flux conservation. For open field lines arising
from the polar hole region we find a fast wind solution that reaches values
of about 600 km/sec at 10 R_sun. For open field lines arising from the surroundings
of the closed region (streamer legs), the morphology of the field lines is
fast diverging, we find that this results in the existence of two posible
sonic points. The first sonic point, located below the streamer cusp, gives
a relatively fast solar wind solution, reaching values of about 400 km/sec
at 10 R_sun. The second sonic point, located above the streamer cusp, gives
a slow solution, reaching values of up to 200 km/sec for lines close to the
streamer core, becoming supersonic only well above the streamer cusp.
1999-18: Latitudinal properties of the Ly-(alpha) and O VI profiles in the extended solar corona
Zangrilli, L., Nicolosi, P., Poletto, G., Noci, G., Romoli, M., and Kohl, J.L.
Astronomy & Astrophysics 342, 592 (1999)
We have analysed the latitudinal
properties of the profiles of the HI Lyman alpha line at 1215.6 A and of
the O VI doublet at 1031.9 A and 1037.6 A in the extended solar corona, between
1.5 Ro and 2.0 Ro. Observations have been performed with the UltraViolet
Coronagraph Spectrometer (UVCS) on board the ESA-NASA solar satellite SOHO
(SOlar and Heliospheric Observatory). The results show that these lines have
quite a different behaviour with latitude: the Ly alpha line has larger full
width at half maximum (FWHM) values in the streamer region and narrower ones
towards polar latitudes, while the OVI lines have a minimum FWHM at the center
of the streamer, which almost steadily increases towards polar regions. The
observations have been analysed looking also for an interpretation in terms
of selective heating mechanisms. The implications of our results for coronal
heating theories are also examined. In particular we discuss the possibility
for the presence of the ion-cyclotron coronal heating mechanism. Moreover,
we point out an interesting correlation between the intensity of the coronal
lines and their widths, which may be relevant to the open question of the
different morphological features visible in the Ly alpha and OVI lines.
1999-17: EUV Spectral Line Profiles in Polar Coronal Holes from 1.3 to 3.0 Solar Radii
Kohl, J. L., Esser, R., Cranmer, S. R., Fineschi, S., Gardner, L. D., Panasyuk, A. V., Strachan, L., Suleiman, R. M., Frazin, R., and Noci, G.
Ap. J. Letters, 510, L59 (1999)
Spectral line profiles have been
measured for H I 1216, O VI 1032, 1037, and Mg X 625 in a polar coronal hole
observed during 1997 September 15-29, at projected heliographic heights rho
between 1.34 and 2.0 R_solar. Observations of H I 1216 and the O VI doublet
from 1997 January for rho=1.5-3.0 R_solar are provided for comparison. The
O VI lines are well fit to a narrow and broad component which appear to be
associated with regions of higher and lower spectral radiance, respectively.
The narrow components dominate at low heights and become a small fraction
of the lines at higher heights. Mg X 625 is observed to have a narrow component
at rho=1.34 R_solar which accounts for only a small fraction of the observed
spectral radiance. In the case of the broad components, the values of v_1/e
for O VI are only slightly larger than those for H I at rho=1.34 R_solar
but are significantly larger at rho=1.5 R_solar and much larger for rho>1.75
R_solar. In contrast, the Mg X values are less than those of H I up to 1.75
and then increase rapidly up to at least rho=2.0 R_solar but never reach
the values of O VI.
1999-16: Plasma Properties in Coronal Holes Derived from Measurements of Minor Ion Spectral Lines and Polarized White Light Intensity
Esser, Ruth, Fineschi, Silvano, Dobrzycka, Danuta, Habbal, Shadia R., Edgar, Richard J., Raymond, John C., Kohl, John L., Guhathakurta, Madhulika
Ap. J. Letters, 510, L63 (1999)
Recent observations of the Lyalpha
1216, Mg X 625, and O VI 1038 spectral lines carried out with the Ultraviolet
Coronagraph Spectrometer (UVCS) on board SOHO at distances in the range 1.35-2.1
R_S in the northern coronal hole are used to place limits on the turbulent
wave motions of the background plasma and the thermal motions of the protons
and Mg^+9 and O^+5 ions. Limits on the turbulent wave motion are estimated
from the measured line widths and electron densities derived from white light
coronagraph observations, assuming WKB approximation at radial distances
covered by the observations. It is shown that the contribution of the turbulent
wave motion to the widths of the measured spectral lines is small compared
to thermal broadening. The observations show that the proton temperature
slowly increases between 1.35 and 2.7 R_S and does not exceed 3x10^6 K in
that region. The temperature of the minor ions exceeds the proton temperature
at all distances, but the temperatures are neither mass proportional nor
mass-to -charge proportional. It is shown, for the first time, that collision
times between protons and minor ions are small compared to the solar wind
expansion times in the inner corona. At 1.35 R_S the expansion time exceeds
the proton Mg^+9 collision time by more than an order of magnitude. Nevertheless,
the temperature of the Mg ions is significantly larger than the proton temperature,
which indicates that the heating mechanism has to act on timescales faster
than minutes. When the expansion time starts to exceed the collision times
a rapid increaseof the O^+5 ion spectral line width is seen. This indicates
that the heavier and hotter ions lose energy to the protons as long as collision
frequencies are high, and that the ion spectral line width increases rapidly
as soon as this energy loss stops.
1999-15: Spectroscopic Constraints on Models of Ion-Cyclotron Resonance Heating in the Polar Solar Corona and High Speed Solar Wind
Cranmer, S. R., Field, G. B., and Kohl, J. L.
ApJ, 518, 937
Using empirical ion velocity distributions
derived from UVCS and SUMER ultraviolet spectroscopy, we construct theoretical
models of the nonequilibrium plasma state of the polar solar corona. The
primary energy deposition mechanism we investigate is the dissipation of
high frequency (10-10000 Hz) ion-cyclotron resonant Alfven waves which can
heat and accelerate ions differently depending on their charge and mass.
We solve the internal energy conservation equations for the ion temperature
components parallel and perpendicular to the superradially expanding magnetic
field lines and use empirical constraints for the remaining parameters. We
find that it is possible to explain many of the kinetic properties of the
plasma (such as high perpendicular ion temperatures and strong temperature
anisotropies) with relatively small amplitudes for the resonant waves. There
is suggestive evidence for steepening of the Alfven wave spectrum between
the coronal base and the largest heights observed spectroscopically, and
it is important to take Coulomb collisions into account to understand observations
at the lowest heights. Because the ion-cyclotron wave dissipation is rapid,
the extended heating seems to demand a constantly replenished population
of waves over several solar radii. This indicates that the waves are generated
gradually throughout the wind rather than propagated up from the base of
the corona.
1999-14: Beta in Streamers
Suess, S. T., G. A. Gary, and S. Nerney
Solar Wind Nine Proceedings, 247-250, AIP Conf. Proc. 471, Woodbury, NY, 1999.
Streamers are generally described
as regions of the corona in which the density is higher than in coronal holes
because the plasma is trapped by closed loops of magnetic flux. In contrast,
MHD models of the global corona (Steinolfson, Suess, \& Wu, {\it ApJ,
255}, 730, 1982) show the plasma $\beta>1$ in streamers above $\sim1.2R_S$
(heliocentric). There are three recent contributions to this topic. The first
is that heating near the cusp further drives $\beta$ up and results in release
of new slow solar wind plasma from the top of the streamer (Suess, Wang,
\& Wu, {\it JGR, 101}, 19,957, 1996). The second is SOHO/UVCS observations,
in combination with a potential field/source surface model of the magnetic
field, that show $\beta>1$ above $1.2R_S$ in a streamer observed near
solar sunspot minimum (Li et al., {\it ApJ}, 1998, in press). The third is
a magnetic field reconstruction technique that uses field deforming algorithms
and is more versatile for local fields than potential field models (Gary
\& Alexander, {\it Sol.Phys.}, submitted, 1998). The field reconstruction
algorithm was applied to an isolated active region (AR 7999) and to the Pneuman
\& Kopp ({\it Sol.Phys., 18}, 258, 1971) global MHD model ($\beta$ has
never been published for their model). In the active region, $\beta$ becomes
larger than unity at $\sim1.2 R_S$. In the Pneuman \& Kopp model, $\beta=1.0$
at the base of the streamer and rises with increasing height, becoming 15-20
at $1.6R_S$ and 35-50 at $1.7R_S$. Global simulations go on to show that
the reason streamers do not simply explode under such high $\beta$ conditions
is that they are held down by pressure from the sides due to the magnetic
fields (and low $\beta$) in adjacent coronal holes. The main role of the
closed magnetic loop near the cusp is to keep the steamer from continuously
leaking plasma, as otherwise happens in a magnetic pinch which is similar
but has no closed loops. Awareness of MHD physical conditions in streamers
is causing us to focus more attention on the details of the heating. On obvious
suggestion is that heating is at much lower heights in streamers than in
coronal holes. Also, energy which is directly delivered as momentum in coronal
holes might all be deposited as heat in streamers.
1999-13: Can Kelvin-Helmholtz Instabilities of Jet-like Structures and Plumes Cause Solar Wind Fluctuations at 1 AU ?
Parhi, S., Suess, S.T., and Sulkanen, M.
J. Geophys. Res., v104, p14,781, 1999.
The long high latitude sampling
of Ulysses provides the opportunity to study fine structures. At latitudes
poleward of $\sim -60^0$, the solar wind had fluctuations in velocity gradients
which were attributed to `` microstreams''. The data also suggested fluctuations
characterized by magnetic plus thermal pressure balance structures (``PBS'').
At higher frequencies, MHD turbulence was observed and found to be less evolved
than in the ecliptic, but essentially independent of heliographic latitude.
It is argued here that microstreams, PBS, and MHD turbulence could all be
the remnants of mixing due to shear instabilities associated with plumes
and other filamentarystructures (``jets'') in coronal holes. To show this
we simulate a plume-like jet in the presence of an ambient magnetic field.
We find the presence of the ambient field reduces the growth rate of the
instability, but the shear between a jet and its ambient still becomes unstable
to the MHD Kelvin-Helmholtz (``KH'') instability when the shear velocity
is larger than the largest local fast mode speed - a condition probably satisfied
for plumes.
1999-12: Streamer Evaporation
Suess, S. T., Wang, A.-H., Wu, S.T., and Nerney, S.
Space Science Reviews 87: 323-326, 1999
Streamer evaporation is the consequence
of heating {\it in ideal MHD models} because plasma is weakly contained by
the magnetic field. Heating causes inflation, opening of field lines, and
release of solar wind. It was discovered in simulations and, due to the absence
of loss mechanisms, the ultimate end point is the complete evaporation of
the streamer. Of course streamers do not behave in this way because of losses
by thermal conduction and radiation. Heating is also expected to depend on
ambient conditions. We use a global MHD model with thermal conduction to
examine the effect of changing the heating scale height. We also extend an
analytic model of streamers developed by Pneuman (1968) to show that {\it
steady} streamers are unable to contain plasma for temperatures near the
cusp greater than $\sim2\times10^6$ K.
1999-11: Ulysses-UVCS Coordinated Observations
Suess, S. T., Poletto G., Corti, G., Simnett, G., Noci, G., Romoli, M., Kohl, J., and Goldstein, B.,
Space Science Reviews 87: 319-322, 1999
We present results from SOHO/UVCS
measurements of the density and flow speed of plasma at the Sun and again
of the same plasma by Ulysses/SWOOPS in the solar wind. UVCS made measuremnts
at 3.5 and 4.5 solar radii and Ulysses was at 5.1 AU. Data were taken for
nearly 2 weeks in May-June 1997 at 9-10 degrees north of the equator in the
streamer belt on the east limb. Density and flow speed were compared to see
if near Sun characteristics are preserved in the interplanetary medium. By
chance, Ulysses was at the very northern edge of the streamer belt. Nevertheless,
no evidence was found of fast wind or mixing of slow wind with fast wind
coming from the northern polar coronal hole. The morphology of the streamer
belt was similar at the beginning and end of the observing period, but was
markedly different during the middle of the period. A corresponding change
in density (but not flow speed) was noted at Ulysses.
1999-10: The Generation of Smooth High Speed Solar Wind from Plume-Interplume Mixing
Parhi, S., Suess, S.T., and Sulkanen, M.
AIP Conf. Proc. 471, 433 (1999) [Solar Wind Nine]
Plumes and rays are magnetic field
aligned density striations in coronal holes with different values of plasma
$\beta$. The overall plasma $\beta$ is very small in the low corona but exceeds
unity beyond 15-20 $R_\odot$. High speed solar wind reported beyond 0.3 AU
is relatively smooth and uniform and known to originate from the much filamented
coronal hole. Thus the obvious question is how to generate a smooth solar
wind from seemingly filamentary structure. Hence one has to find a mechanism
to substantiate this apparent observed (Ulysses) phenomenon. To do this we
model plumes as jets (or wakes) of plasma emitted from the solar surface.
The shear between a jet and its ambient is known to become unstable to the
MHD Kelvin-Helmholtz (``KH'') instability if the Alfv\'{e}n Mach number of
the jet is greater than one and the uniform external magnetic field is small.
Starting with a simple configuration we consider a jet of half thickness
$R$, having uniform density and uniform internal magnetic field. The external
medium has also a uniform density and uniform magnetic field. The jet is
perturbed at the boundary with a linear amplitude and fixed frequency. We
simulate the coronal jet using the 3D ZEUS code. The first results indicate
the slab jet is unstable to the MHD KH instability at 5-10 $R_\odot$ for
some angle of wave propagation. The propagating instability may smooth the
filamented flow. It may also produce the entrained Alfv\'{e}nic fluctuations
observed by Ulysses in the high speed wind. We are at present determining
the parameters which induce large growth rate. This may clarify the mystery
behind the emergence of fast smooth solar wind from very filamentary structures
in coronal holes. Also, using the dispersion relation already available for
such a flow we obtain some general description of the instability criteria
for the KH instability at a jet interface.
1999-09: Fast solar wind acceleration by Alfvén waves: observable effects on the EUV lines detected by SOHO/UVCS
Ventura, R., Orlando, S., Peres, G., Spadaro, D
Astronomy and Astrophysics, 352, 670
SOHO/UVCS observations of the most
intense EUV spectral lines emitted by the solar corona have been providing
us a good opportunity to study in detail the acceleration regions of the
solar wind. In this work we aim at deriving useful diagnostics and identifying
possible signatures of Alfvén waves momentum deposition. More specifically
we investigate, with the help of a detailed wind model Orlando et al. 1996),
the insight and the constraints that these observations give on the presence
of Alfvén waves, as deduced from the influence of the waves on the
solar wind structure and dynamics. The model developed by Orlando et al.
(1996) accounts for the momentum deposition by a spectrum of non-WKB Alfvén
waves, generated in the Sun's lower atmosphere and undergoing significant
reflection across the transition region. We compute a set of win solutions
characterized by different physical conditions, synthesize, from them, the
emission in the Lyalpha, Lybeta and O VI doublet (1032 Ä, 1038 Ä)
lines and derive possible diagnostics. We finally compare our results with
the most recent SOHO/UVCS data.
1999-08: An Empirical Model of a Polar Coronal Hole at Solar Minimum
Cranmer, S. R., Kohl, J. L., Noci, G., Antonucci, E., Tondello, G., Huber, M. C. E., Strachan, L., Panasyuk, A. V., Gardner, L. D., Romoli, M., Fineschi, S., Dobrzycka, D., Raymond, J. C., Nicolosi, P., Siegmund, O. H. W., Spadaro, D., Benna, C., Ciaravella, A., Giordano, S., Habbal, S., Karovska, M., Li, X., Martin, R., Michels, J. G., Modigliani, A., Naletto, G., O'Neal, R. H., Pernechele, C., Poletto, G., Smith, P. L., and Suleiman, R. M.
Ap. J., 511, 481 (1999)
We present a comprehensive and self-consistent
empirical model for several plasma parameters in the extended solar corona
above a polar coronal hole. The model is derived from observations with the
SOHO Ultraviolet Coronagraph Spectrometer (UVCS/SOHO) during the period between
1996 November and 1997 April. We compare observations of H I Lyman alpha
and O VI 1032, 1037 emission lines with detailed three-dimensional models
of the plasma parameters, and iterate for optimal consistency between measured
and synthesized observable quantities. Empirical constraints are obtained
for the radial and latitudinal distribution of density for electrons, H^{0},
and O^{5+}, as well as the outflow velocity and unresolved anisotropic most-probable
speeds for H^{0} and O^{5+}. The electron density measured by UVCS/SOHO is
consistent with previous solar-minimum determinations of the white light
coronal structure; we also perform a statistical analysis of the distribution
of polar plumes using a long time series. From the emission lines we find
that the unexpectedly large line-widths of H^0 atoms and O^{5+} ions at most
heights are the result of anisotropic velocity distributions. These distributions
are not consistent with purely thermal motions or the expected motions from
a combination of thermal and transverse wave velocities. Above 2 R_sun, the
observed transverse most-probable speeds for O^{5+} are significantly larger
than the corresponding motions for H^0, and the outflow velocities of O^{5+}
are also significantly larger than the corresponding velocities of H^0. Also,
the latitudinal dependence of intensity constrains the geometry of the wind
velocity vectors, and superradial expansion is more consistent with observations
than radial flow. We discuss the constraints and implications on various
theoretical models of coronal heating and acceleration.
1999-07: Ultraviolet and Optical Observations of a Coronal Transient with SOHO
A. Ciaravella, J.C. Raymond, L. Strachan, B. Thompson, O.C. St. Cyr, L. Gardner, A. Modigliani, E. Antonucci, J. Kohl and G. Noci
Ap.J. 510, 1053 (1999)
A coronal transient was observed
on March 6, 1997 at 1.6 Rsun over an active region on the East limb. We observed
both the edge of horizontally compressed gas and the diffuse curtain of coronal
material. The region was monitored for 4 hours and the H I Ly-alpha, O VI
1031.91 and 1037.61 N V 1242.80 and 1238.80 and O V] 1218.35 A lines were
detected during the ejection evolution. The density, velocity, temperature
and oxygen abundance of the ejected plasma have been obtained from the observed
spectra. Intermediate temperature lines of N V, O VI and O V show a large
enhancement, suggesting a quite narrow range of plasma temperature around
4 x 10^5 K. Doppler shifts of the ejected material evolve from an initial
blue-shift of 100 km/sec to a red-shift of 145 km/sec. The outflow velocity,
as determined by Doppler dimming analysis of the O VI doublet, is only about
20 km/sec.
1999-06: Potential wells, the cyclotron resonance, and ion heating in coronal holes
Hollweg, J. V.
J. Geophys. Res., 104, 505, 1999.
We consider the motions of protons
and O+5 ions in coronal holes. We first consider the effects of a potential
well, which arises from the combination of gravity, the electrostatic electric
field, and the mirror force. We show that if the potential well is time-dependent,
then ions which are initially trapped will undergo a time-averaged energy
gain. They can eventually gain enough energy to escape out of the potential
well, and be ejected out of the corona. The process is analogous to Fermi
acceleration of cosmic rays by reflections off of moving magnetic clouds,
except here the trapped ions can be regarded as reflecting off of moving
walls. There is evidence that the trajectories of the particles are chaotic.
However, the timescales are long, the potential wells are not very deep,
and the process is probably not important for coronal heating. We also point
out that the potential wells can provide a population of particles which
are moving inward relative to waves which are propagating outwards from the
Sun. These particles are the ones which can interact most strongly with ion-cyclotron
waves, since they resonate with the lowest frequency waves which have the
highest phase speeds and presumably the most power. We present some simple
arguments, invoking energy-conserving pitch-angle scattering in the wave
frame, which show how O+5 ions can in principle acquire perpendicular temperatures
which are more than mass-proportionally hotter than the protons. The basic
principles are demonstrated by calculating trajectories for average particles
interacting with dispersive ion-cyclotron waves. We also present a strongly-driven
case which gives perpendicular energies and parallel flow speeds qualitatively
resembling those believed to exist in coronal holes, but there are significant
differences between the model results and the SOHO/UVCS data. In this case
the particles are not trapped in a potential well.
1999-05: The cyclotron resonance: heating of protons and oxygen in coronal holes
Hollweg, J. V.
Solar Wind Nine edited by S. R. Habbal, R. Esser, J. V. Hollweg and P. A. Isenberg, pp.369-372, AIP, Woodbury, New York, 1999.
The UVCS/SOHO data have offered
remarkable evidence that the coronal holes and acceleration region of the
fast solar wind are heated by ion-cyclotron waves. We here summarize the
basic physics of the cyclotron resonance, and show why ions such as 0+5 can
be heated to more than mass-proportional temperatures compared to the protons.
The mirror force provides the main acceleration out of the corona, yielding
heavy ions which flow faster than the protons. We quantify these ideas by
following an average test particle. Agreement with observation is achieved,
but only if we take a steep power spectrum. Particular attention is given
to the behavior of T_perp for 0+5, which seems to increase with distance
from the Sun out to the limits of the observations; this observation is a
major constraint.
1999-04: The cyclotron resonance in coronal holes: heating and acceleration of protons, O+5, and Mg+9
Hollweg, J. V.
J. Geophys. Res. 104, 24781 (1999)
The resonant heating and acceleration
of protons and selected heavy ions in coronal holes are investigated by calculating
trajectories of individual test particles under the influence of gravity,
the electrostatic electric field, the mirror force, and the resonant acceleration
due to interaction with dispersive ion-cyclotron waves. The transverse heating
due to the resonance is also included. We show in general terms how heavy
ions can be more than mass-proportionally heated, emphasizing that wave dispersion
may play an important part in producing very hot heavy ions. We pay particular
attention to the UVCS/SOHO observation that the transverse temperature of
0+5 is still increasing out to the outer limit of observation at about 3.5
solar radii. Using both approximate analytical expressions and the trajectory
calculations, we find that this observation can only be reproduced if the
magnetic power spectrum falls off at least as steeply as k^-2, where k is
wavenumber. Surprisingly, this conclusion holds even when the power spectrum
consists of two power laws, if the inner scale is proportional to the proton
inertial length. Once the particles are heated transversely by the resonance,
the mirror force provides the dominant outward acceleration, and leads to
heavy ions which flow faster than the protons. It is shown that it is possible
to construct a model which gives reasonable agreement with the UVCS/SOHO
data for both protons and 0+5. Overall, we conclude that it is highly likely
that the cyclotron resonance is responsible for heating protons and heavy
ions in coronal holes. However, we also briefly discuss some data for Mg+9,
which does not fit the overall picture.
1999-03: The cyclotron resonance in coronal holes: 2. a two- proton description
Hollweg, J. V.
J. Geophys. Res. 104, 24793 (1999)
In a cold plasma, the ion-cyclotron
mode does not extend above the proton cyclotron frequency. As a consequence,
when viewed in the average proton frame, only protons which are moving opposite
to the wave propagation direction can resonate with this mode. Thus only
roughly half of the proton distribution function can be in resonance at any
instant of time. The proton distribution function is then expected to depart
significantly from a bi-Maxwellian, which is usually assumed to provide closure
to a set of fluid equations. Here we consider the effects of the ion- cyclotron
resonance on protons in a coronal hole. We calculate the trajectories of
individual protons in the electric, magnetic, and gravitational fields, and
we include the resonant heating and acceleration for an average particle
which is diffusing in phase space. To provide closure we consider two protons,
which are proxies for the resonant and non-resonant halves of the distribution.
Elementary arguments show that the two protons tend to approach nearly the
same radial velocity. When the waves are dispersive, this means that the
resonant wavenumber, k_res, increases. For a power spectrum which is a power
law in wavenumber, and if the dissipation is determined only by the resonant
particles, then the resonant effects become very weak as k_res becomes large,
and there is little heating or acceleration of the coronal plasma. On the
other hand, if the dissipation is determined by a turbulent cascade, k_res
mainly controls the relative importance of resonant acceleration and resonant
heating. Such models yield good agreement with what is known about the behavior
of protons in coronal holes.
1999-02: Wavelength shifts of emission line profiles and velocity fields in the solar corona
R. Ventura* & D. Spadaro*
A&A, 341, 264 (1999)
We have investigated the dependence
of the wavelength shift of the coronal emission line profiles on the line
of sight velocity of the emitting plasma. The results of our numerical calculations
point out that, while the wavelength shift of the collisionally excited component
of the line is related to the line of sight velocity by the usual formula
for the Doppler effect, that of the resonantly scattered component also depends
on the angle of scatter and on the angle between the velocity vector and
the line of sight. For the same outflow velocity, the absolute value of the
resonantly scattered component shift is significantly smaller than that of
the collisional component. Since both mechanisms generally contribute to
the formation of a coronal line, we conclude that the results of this work
should be taken into account when deducing line of sight velocities from
the analysis of emission line profiles observed in the extended solar corona.
* Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, CNR-Gruppo Nazionale di Astronomia,
UdR di Catania, Citt\`a Universitaria, Viale A.Doria, 6 I-95125, Catania,
Italy
1999-01: Solar
wind velocity and anisotropic coronal kinetic temperatures measured with
the O VI doublet ratio
M.A. Dodero, E. Antonucci, R. Martin
Solar Physics, 183, 77 (1999)
Doppler dimming of the OVI resonance lines (1032, 1037) in an expanding corona is calculated including the pumping effect on the O VI 1037.61 of both CII lines at 1036.34 and 1037.02, and the effect of the width of the absorption profiles of the coronal oxygen ions along the incident radiation. The pumping effect of the CII line at 1036.34 allows us to extend to approximately 450 km s-1 the measurement of solar wind velocities with the OVI line ratio technique. Since the emissivity ratio of the OVI doublet depends on the width of the oxygen coronal absorbing profiles, this ratio can provide an accurate measurement of the solar wind velocity in the case that the width of the absorbing profile along the direction of the incident radiation is independently determined. However, if on the one hand the ratio of the emissivities of the OVI doublet has limitations in probing the wind velocity, on the other hand it can be used as a diagnostics for inferring the velocity distribution of the coronal OVI ions along the radial, and detecting possible velocity anisotropies. This diagnostics, applied to recent observational results, allows us to infer that the velocity distribution of the oxygen ions is much broader in the direction perpendicular to the magnetic field direction, and that the acceleration of the fast solar wind in the first 2 solar radii is high.